All posts by Rand Simberg

The Floodgates Open

I suspect that Arnold’s announcement has triggered an inexorable sequence of events. Grayout’s only hope now is for the courts to save him, and the prospects for that don’t look good. The Dems realize this, and now know that they have to have someone on the ballot to save the governor’s mansion in Sacramento.

KNX has just announced that Bustamante is running and will announce tomorrow. He makes the most sense for a Dem candidate–he’s the guy who the voters already elected to take over if the governor could no longer carry out his duties. He’s, in a sense, already acting governor, due to the recall situation, so he can plausibly run as the incumbent, or as close to one as can be had, other than Davis himself.

Only one problem. While he’s not as corrupt or nauseating as Davis, he’s probably about as dim, and most California Dems know it.

This thing is really a variation on the classic game-theory scenario called the Prisoner’s Dilemma.

If you believe that the voters want to keep a Democrat in the governor’s office (which, in most California Democrats’ conceit, they do), it’s in the interests of all the Democrats to cooperate, and not put another Democrat on the ballot. If they do, there will be an attractive alternative for the California electorate to get rid of Davis, because they get to not only toss out the disgusting Davis, who even they hate, but they also get to replace him with different one of their beloved Democrats (you know, the party that’s driven the state into a muddy ditch in the past several years).

If a single Democrat breaks ranks, and runs, then he would have a good chance of winning, because the Republican vote will be split among Issa, Scharzenegger, and whatever other Elephant decides to run. But once a single Democrat defects, others will be encouraged to as well, because the game is up, and they can’t keep Davis, and may miss their only chance at the governor’s mansion (particularly those who’ve been salivating for it). If they all cooperate, they all win, but someone who defects gets a higher payoff than the prize for cooperating, so once Bustamante makes a formal announcement, expect a Donkey stampede between tomorrow and Saturday evening.

And also expect them to all be “terminated” in October.

[Update on Thursday afternoon]

Issa has announced that he’s not running. He says he wants to stay in Congress to see the Middle East “peace process” continue to move forward. One wonders if the White House made him an offer he couldn’t refuse (perhaps their support for a Senate run against Boxer next year?).

This is another devastating blow to Governor Low Beam. The Dem story line has been that Issa was just doing this to buy an election, and make himself governor. With Arnold entering, and Issa dropping out, their “Vast Right Wing Conspiracy” hysteria is looking ever more laughable.

The Donkeys have to be in full melt down at this point.

In Search Of Intelligent Reporting

There was a skeptical article about suborbital flight in the Independent, yesterday. There’s much to fisk here.

Going suborbital is like firing a cannonball into the sky and waiting for it to come back down again. It requires speeds of only about 2,500mph, and is the equivalent in terms of distance to going from Watford to Birmingham and back again. True orbital space travel – when you accelerate fast enough to fly continually above the Earth’s surface – can only be achieved if the space vehicle reaches 17,000mph.

The problem is that there is no halfway house – you are either in suborbital flight or true space orbit.

I don’t understand what this statement means. What kind of “halfway house” is the reporter seeking? What are its characteristics? And what is it that’s “true” about a “space orbit”? Is he saying that if it’s not in orbit, it’s not worth doing, or not in space?

This whole bit is quite misleading, because it implies that suborbital is slow, and orbital is fast. But the 2500 mph is just a minimum (and a good place to start, given our paucity of experience). Velocities all the way up to 16,999 mph can also be suborbital. In fact, one can go faster than orbital velocity and still be suborbital, if pointed the right way (that is you include in the definition of suborbital those orbits that intersect the earth’s surface…).

And if you reach orbit, there is the complex and dangerous issue of re-entry into the Earth’s atmosphere, with all the friction and heat this generates – a phenomenon that led ultimately to the disintegration of the Columbia shuttle.

Entry isn’t a problem unique to orbit. It’s a problem for suborbital as well. After all, if you enter space, you have to leave it. The difference is that by starting in small suborbits, where the entry is relatively benign, we can gain experience with techniques and materials, and gradually increase the entry velocities, expanding our operational envelope until we can do it from full orbital velocities.

But the folks interviewed here don’t get it, so neither does the reporter.

Ellis says that a prize for a suborbital flight does little, if anything, to foster true orbital space travel. “It’s like being in the early 19th century and someone says, ‘Well, I’m sure one day someone will get to the South Pole, here’s a million-dollar prize for someone to go to the equator.’ Getting into space cheaply – genuinely into space, that is – is a very different thing.”

Alan Bond, the British rocket engineer who was the brains behind the ill-fated but revolutionary Hotol (horizontal take-off and landing) rocket engine, is equally scathing about the claims being made for the X-prize. “It’s very fringe, and in particular it is potentially dangerous. On paper you can lash up a rocket and get the prize, provided you can cut out the safety measures. But it is putting lives at risk for no possible gain,” says Bond, who now runs an Oxfordshire-based company called Reaction Engines…

…More important, Bond wonders, what would be the point of a suborbital flight lasting no more than 10 or 15 minutes? “Trips round the lighthouse have been popular for a number of years,” he says, but they serve no purpose other than amusement for people with money to spend.

Yes, poo poo. We can’t be bothered with that piddly suborbital stuff. We have much more important uses for the money.

And what’s the point? So what if people are willing to spend their own money to go into space? They aren’t going for reasons that I think are good, so it’s a waste of money.

A little background is in order here.

Alan Bond is a British engineer, one of the technology uber alles types, who believes that launch is expensive because we just haven’t funded the right concept (his, naturally). He has spent much of the past couple decades attempting to talk Her Majesty’s Government into parting with the funding needed to develop his airbreathing launch concept, which he believes holds the key to universe.

He can’t be bothered with all of this silly suborbital stuff, or the foolish dotcommers who would waste their money on it when they could be funding his project instead.

“Ellis” is Richard Ellis, a former Cambridge professor of astronomy now at Cal Tech. Let us put aside for the moment the nonsensical notion that a professor of astronomy would have any particularly useful insights into rocketry, or business–it apparently arises from the confusion between astronomy and astronautical engineering on the part of lay people, including journalists (hint, they’ve very little in common). Instead, just read this little vignette from earlier in the article:

Caltech was courting Bezos because it was looking for financial sponsors for its new, ground-based telescope. After a tour of some of JPL’s research projects, the party sat down to lunch. Bezos had brought along a few of his employees from Blue Origin, as well as the science-fiction writer Neal Stephenson, a close friend and confidant of the internet billionaire.

Over lunch, the Caltech scientists realised that their dreams of receiving a large cheque for their new telescope were not to be. “It became obvious that Blue Origin was where Bezos was putting his money,” recalls Richard Ellis, a Caltech scientist and a former professor of astronomy at Cambridge University.

Sure, he’s a great unbiased source for opinions on the validity of these ventures…

The naysaying goes on to the end of the article:

But one cannot help but feel that the very rich men behind the private push to send people into space are not all in it for the benefit of humankind. As Richard Ellis says: “These guys have lots of money to spend, and they seem to be having fun.”

When he met Jeff Bezos, he came away with the distinct impression that the Amazon boss was having fun also with the idea of space tourism. “But I have to say I just didn’t see any evidence that Bezos and Blue Origin had an idea.” It will take more than a rich man’s intellectual distraction to get fare-paying passengers into space – and safely back again.

Well, I can’t say whether or not Blue Origin has a solid plan or not–they’ve been extremely secretive, but there are certainly a number of other companies that “have ideas,” and they’re implementing them, regardless of the blinkered views of frustrated astronomers and propulsion geeks.

It’s a shame that the reporter, Steve Connor, never bothered to interview anyone who actually understood the technical, economic and business issues.

Wings Or Not–Who Cares?

There’s been a debate raging within the space technical community and inside NASA over whether or not the Orbital Space Plane should have wings. Obviously, it was named before anyone realized that there would be a debate and the assumption was that, of course, it would.

Jeff Foust has a good overview of that debate, but I want to make a different point, because I strongly disagree with Bob Walker’s comments here, and if they’re true they’re profoundly depressing.

While OSP is portrayed as an interim vehicle, a stopgap between the shuttle and a future RLV, some caution that whatever approach NASA selects it may be stuck with for decades. ?Whatever we design and spend money on is going to be the vehicle for the next 20 years,? said Walker. ?You can kid yourself that there are going to be follow-on vehicles and all that, but we kidded ourselves that way throughout the shuttle program. So you can depend upon the fact that whatever we do here is going to be around for a long time. It seems to me that you want something that at least will be adaptable.?

Two problems. First, I don’t accept that there will be, or at least that there should be, “the vehicle for the next 20 years.” The notion that NASA should have a vehicle is the source of much of our inability to make major space accomplishments.

We have to get out of this monoculture. We need multiple vehicles. And of course, because NASA has no grand ambitions, there’s no way to support their development.

But even if he’s right, and that NASA will have a new vehicle that will be “the” vehicle, it’s not at all clear that simply putting wings on the thing gives you much leverage into the future. It might be necessary (though I’m not sure that’s even the case) but it’s certainly not sufficient. Some fantasize that they can build this vehicle as a payload for a Delta IV or Atlas V, and then later use it as an upper stage for a fully-reusable system.

The problem with that is it implies that that system will be a three-stage system, because the delta-V capability of the OSP is not meant to help get it into orbit–the expendable launcher is supposed to do that–it’s only enough to meet the requirements for maneuvering on orbit, and deorbiting.

If you were designing a fully-reusable launcher right now, I suspect that it would optimize out to two stages. This probably balances the margins needed for operability (provided by staging) against the operational complexity of too many stages. But an OSP designed as a payload for an orbit-capable launch system won’t be optimized for that future vehicle–it will simply be a payload for it as well–not part of the launch system per se. Thus, the notion of using it as the upper stage of a new launch system is a non-starter. That means that the new system must have enough capability to deliver an OSP sized payload to orbit, and, by the logic above, be a two-stage system itself (meaning that the OSP will be the third stage).

If the goal is really to have a space transport, then they should simply build one, instead of building evolutionary dead ends that they hope can be adapted later on.

Of course, this is all beside the point, because what we should really be doing, as a nation, not just NASA, is figuring out how to encourage and nurture a private industry that can not only satisfy NASA’s requirements, but those of the rest of us as well, something that OSP will never be able to do.

Undying Mythologies

Disney has a new ride in Orlando that they claim is the most technically advanced they’ve ever done–a simulated mission to Mars.

…what makes Epcot’s Mission: SPACE centrifuge truly unique is that it’s not like a carnival ride version of a centrifuge — such as the Gravitron — where you’re “simply strapped in” and whirled around for a few moments in the open air.

Instead, you and three others ride inside what amounts to a full flight simulator — Disney calls them capsules — complete with individual monitors, control sticks to move and buttons to push.

“We’ve taken that centrifuge technology and modified it, if you will, for an entertainment attraction. We’ve added layers of audio, video, lighting and special effects to create sort of an immersive experience that helps support and tell our story,” said Mike Lentz, the Disney Imagineer who served as executive director for Mission: SPACE.

Sounds pretty cool. They’ve had a “Mission To Mars” ride in the past (that was an update on the original “Rocket To The Moon” that was part of the original Disneyland), but this sounds much more individualized, high fidelity, and upgradeable.

However, I have mixed feelings about it.

“We have worked for a long time about doing ‘space’ at Epcot because it’s just such a natural fit with what we’re about here,” said Brad Rex, Disney’s vice president in charge of Epcot. “This is a tribute to NASA and the space program.”

Sponsored by HP, the attraction was designed with the full support of the space agency and is believed to have cost Disney more than $100 million to develop and construct…

…NASA has cooperated with the development of Mission: SPACE at every step of the way. For example, solid hydrogen fuel, aerospike rocket engines and hypersleep all are technologies mentioned in Mission: SPACE, and all are being pursued in some way by the space agency, officials said.

“They’ve really done a very credible job at making this as strongly tied to reality as they can,” said David Lavery, program executive for solar system exploration at NASA Headquarters. “These are all realistic concepts that we’re pursuing in some of our advanced research and development efforts right now.”

But the big draw for NASA in working with Disney was the opportunity for educational outreach, as well as just simple inspiration.

“Part of our vision is to reach out and inspire the next generation of scientists, engineers, technologists and astronauts — and this is really a nice overlap between that part of NASA’s mission and what Disney is trying to do,” Lavery said.

My problem is that this perpetuates the heroic historical NASA myth–that only massive government bureaucracies will get us to Mars, that the only way to participate in space is to be a scientist, or engineer, or technologist, or “astronaut,” that the only reason people would go to Mars is to “explore” and “do science,” that this is what NASA would be doing, dammit, if we just had some politicians with vision!

Despite their proud proclamation of “tying it to reality,” I get no sense of any realistic vision of the future at all–it’s just using updated technology to promote the same socialistic utopias of the past that Disney has always promoted. We just don’t realize it because we don’t recognize it, partly due to similar propaganda put out unendingly by Disney and others for the past half century (the original Colliers pieces with von Braun were in 1953, I believe). Which is pretty ironic, considering that this is being sponsored by a mostly private-enterprise company, Hewlett-Packard. Which just shows that they don’t get it either.

While it’s nice that they worked with NASA on some of the technical aspects, it would have been nice if HP and Disney had consulted with someone besides NASA on the even more important social, business and cultural ones. Of course, the fact that they didn’t sums up in a nutshell why it’s been thirty years since the last time a human walked on another world.

Innovation And Bureaucracy

Jim Bennett has a good column about…well…lots of things, including idiotic grandstanding politicians, but Transterrestrial regulars may find this part of interest:

During peacetime, military bureaucracies historically tended to follow the pattern of civilian ones: stick to the rules, and beware innovation. During the stress of wartime, especially when things weren’t going well, militaries, to be successful, had to find a way to encourage and use innovation. Thus the military, unlike civilian bureaucracies, had legends of rule-breaking innovators that saved the day — sometimes literally. During the American Civil War, the innovative Union armored warship Monitor steamed into Hampton Roads the day after the similarly innovative Confederate ironclad, the Virginia, had decimated the wooden-hulled Union fleet. It is also a comment on the relative flexibility of military bureaucracies versus civilian ones to note the amount of time it took the British admiralty to give up on the wooden warship once news of that battle reached London: all wooden warships under construction were cancelled the next day.

Thus, when in 1957 the Soviets challenged the West by launching the first satellite, Sputnik, President Eisenhower reacted by creating two new government organizations. One became NASA, which went on to create the American civil space program (also conveniently drawing attention away from the already-massive American military space program, which had been drawing close to deploying the first reconnaissance satellites.) The second was a military agency, DARPA, which was a classic example of the military reaction under challenge — innovate and take risks. Although NASA became instantly famous, DARPA labored in mostly-welcome obscurity for decades, creating the occasional little invention like the Internet.

I found it particularly interesting in that I read it shortly after returning home from a meeting with someone fairly high in the ranks of the Air Force, at which we discussed this very problem.